Philosopher, Sociologist. After attending the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris, he studied Philosophy at the Universities of Cologne and Berlin. In 1938, he obtained a degree in French Language and Literature. In Paris he met Jean Paul Sartre, with whom, at the end of the Second World War, founded the magazine Les Temps Modernes. He was an expert of Marxist philosophy. His career was mainly devoted to the teaching of Philosophy and Sociology at several universities in France, but he had enough time to write several essays and editorials, including “Essai sur la theorie de l’histoire dans l’Allemagne contemporaine. The philosophie critique de l’histoire”, ” La société industrielle et la guerre”, “Démocratie et totalitarisme” and “The Marxisme de Marx” published posthumously. (bio by: Lucy Caldarelli)