Jurist. First American Judge to serve on the Permanent Court of International Justice. An 1880 graduate of the University of Virginia, he was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1883. In 1885 he clerked at the Department of State. He served as Assistant Secretary of State during the Spanish-American War in 1898, and after the war he was secretary and council to the American Peace Commission at Paris. He taught international law at Columbia University and at the United States Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. He served on the Permanent Court of Arbitration at the Hague from 1912 to 1938, and on the Permanent Court of International Justice, sometimes called the World Court, from 1921 to 1928. A firm proponent of neutrality, he believed that the post-World War I system of alliances would tend to broaden wars into global conflicts. In 1966 he was honored on a $5 United States postage stamp.  (bio by: Garver Graver)